Teburin Abubuwan Ciki
- 1 Gabatarwa
- 2 Hujjar Aiki (Proof-of-work) da Bitcoin
- 3 Hujjar Mallaka (Proof-of-stake)
- 4 Ƙarshe
- 5 Nazarin Fasaha & Hasashen Gaba
1 Gabatarwa
NeuCoin tana wakiltar sake tunani na asali game da tsarin tsaron kuɗin sirri, inda ta sanya kanta a matsayin farkon kuɗin sirri na gaske mai tsaro, rage kashe kuɗi, da rarraba iko ta hanyar aiwatar da sabbin hanyoyin hujjar mallaka. Aikin yana magance takuraimakan muhimmanci a cikin tsarin hujjar aiki na Bitcoin yayin da yake ci gaba fiye da farkon aiwatar da hujjar mallaka kamar Peercoin.
Manufofin Fasaha na Asali
- Maye gurbin haƙo ma'adinai mai cin makamashi da tsaro na tushen jari
- Magance matsalar "babu abin da ake jefa a ciki" (nothing at stake) a cikin tsarin hujjar mallaka
- Kiyaye rarraba iko yayin inganta tsaro
- Rage farashin ma'amala ta hanyar ingantaccen tsarin yarjejeniya (consensus mechanism)
2 Hujjar Aiki (Proof-of-work) da Bitcoin
2.1 Yaya hujjar aiki ke kare hanyar sadarwar Bitcoin
Tsaron Bitcoin ya dogara ne da aikin lissafi ta hanyar algorithm ɗin SHA-256 hashing. Masu haƙo ma'adinai suna gasa don warware wasu takalmai na sirri, tare da yuwuwar samun ingantaccen toshe yana daidai da ƙarfin lissafinsu: $P_{mine} = \frac{H_{miner}}{H_{total}}$ inda $H_{miner}$ shine ƙimar hash ɗin mai haƙo ma'adinai kuma $H_{total}$ shine jimlar ƙimar hash ɗin hanyar sadarwa.
2.2 Matsalolin hujjar aiki
2.2.1 Kudaden tsaro da ma'amaloli a Bitcoin
Amfani da makamashi na haƙo ma'adinan Bitcoin ya kai matakan da ba za a iya dawwama ba, tare da amfani da wutar lantarki na shekara-shekara ya wuce na ƙasashe da yawa. Wannan yana haifar da manyan kuɗaɗen aiki waɗanda dole ne a biya su ta hanyar kuɗin ma'amala da ladan toshe.
2.2.2 Ƙara tattarawa a wuri ɗaya (centralization)
Tafkunan haƙo ma'adinai da na'urori na musamman sun haifar da gagarumin tattarawa a wuri ɗaya, inda manyan tafkunan haƙo ma'adinai guda 4 suka fi sarrafa fiye da kashi 50% na ƙimar hash ɗin Bitcoin kamar yadda aka rubuta a cikin 2015 Cambridge Bitcoin Electricity Consumption Index.
2.2.3 Bambancin bukatu tsakanin masu haƙo kuɗi (miners) da masu riƙe kuɗin
Ƙwaƙwalwar tattalin arziki na masu haƙo ma'adinai sau da yawa suna cin karo da lafiyar hanyar sadarwa na dogon lokaci, suna ba da fifikon riba na ɗan gajeren lokaci fiye da tsaron hanyar sadarwa da rarraba iko.
2.2.4 Taƙaitaccen bayani game da matsalolin hujjar aiki na Bitcoin
Muhimman ciniki-ciniki a cikin hujjar aiki suna haifar da iyakoki na asali a cikin ƙima, ingantaccen farashi, da rarraba iko na dogon lokaci.
3 Hujjar Mallaka (Proof-of-stake)
3.1 Yaya hujjar mallaka ta Peercoin ke aiki sabanin hujjar aiki
Peercoin ta gabatar da manufar shekarun kuɗi da haƙo ma'adinai na tushen mallaka, inda yuwuwar haƙo toshe yana daidai da adadin kuɗin da aka riƙe da kuma shekarunsu: $P_{stake} = \frac{coins \times coinage}{total stake}$.
3.2 Ƙirar hujjar mallaka ta NeuCoin
NeuCoin ta gabatar da sabbin abubuwa guda huɗu mahimman fiye da Peercoin:
- Manyan lada na haƙo ma'adinai tare da ƙaramin shekarun mallaka don ƙarfafa ci gaba da jefa kuɗi a ciki (staking)
- Kawar da shekarun kuɗi daga dabarar haƙo ma'adinai
- Mai gyara mallaka mai sauyi wanda ke canzawa akan lokaci ga kowane jefa kuɗi a ciki (stake)
- Hukunci na ɓangaren abokin ciniki ga nodes da ke ƙoƙarin haƙo ma'adinai akan rassan da yawa
Tushen Lissafi
Lissafin yuwuwar jefa kuɗi a ciki (stake) yana amfani da dabarar: $P = \frac{stake}{total supply} \times \frac{time}{target spacing}$ inda jefa kuɗi a ciki (stake) ke wakiltar kuɗin da ake jefa a ciki kuma maƙasudin tazara yana sarrafa yawan samar da toshe.
3.3 Yaya ƙirar NeuCoin ke hana hare-haren kan tarihin ma'amala
3.3.1 Saurara biyu mai sauƙi (Simple double spend)
Ta hanyar masu gyara jefa kuɗi a ciki (stake modifiers) da buƙatun alamar lokaci, NeuCoin ta sa hare-haren saurara biyu su zama marasa amfani a fannin tattalin arziki ba tare da sarrafa mafi yawan jefa kuɗi a ciki (stake) ba.
3.3.2 Gyaran tarihi ta amfani da tsoffin maɓallai na sirri
Tsarin mai gyara jefa kuɗi a ciki (stake modifier) mai sauyi yana hana mahara amfani da tsoffin maɓallai na sirri don sake rubuta tarihin sarkar kuɗi (blockchain), domin mai gyara yana canzawa tare da kowane nasarar jefa kuɗi a ciki (stake).
3.3.3 Harin niƙa (Grinding attack)
Ta hanyar haɗa abubuwan da ba a iya faɗi ba a cikin lissafin jefa kuɗi a ciki (stake), NeuCoin ta kawar da ikon yin amfani da lokacin jefa kuɗi a ciki da gangan don fa'ida mafi girma.
3.3.4 Harin shirya-shiryen dogon zango (Preprogrammed, long-range attack)
Tsarin alamar hanya (checkpointing) da tsarin masu gyara jefa kuɗi a ciki (stake modifier) na NeuCoin suna hana hare-haren dogon zango waɗanda za su iya sake rubuta muhimman sassan tarihin sarkar kuɗi (blockchain).
4 Ƙarshe
Aiwatar da hujjar mallaka ta NeuCoin tana wakiltar babban ci gaba a cikin tsarin tsaron kuɗin sirri, tana magance takuraimakan asali a cikin duka tsarin hujjar aiki da na farkon tsarin hujjar mallaka yayin kiyaye rarraba iko da ingantaccen farashi.
5 Nazarin Fasaha & Hasashen Gaba
Nazarin Kwararre: Matsayin Dabarun NeuCoin a Ci gaban Blockchain
Fahimta ta Asali
NeuCoin ba wani altcoin kawai bace—ta zama zargi na gine-gine na asali game da tsarin yarjejeniya na Bitcoin mai cin makamashi. Aikin ya gano daidai cewa tsaron hujjar aiki yana zuwa ne da wani farashi na muhalli da tattalin arziki da ba a yarda da shi ba, wata damuwa wacce kawai ta ƙara ƙarfi tun 2015. Abin da ya sa NeuCoin ta fi hasashe musamman shine mayar da hankalinta kan matsalar daidaita tattalin arziki tsakanin masu haƙo kuɗi da masu riƙe token ɗin, wata matsala wacce tun daga lokacin ta bayyana a cikin muhawarar ƙima na Bitcoin da canjin Ethereum zuwa hujjar mallaka.
Ci gaban Ma'ana
Ci gaban fasaha daga Bitcoin → Peercoin → NeuCoin yana wakiltar bayyanannen juyin halitta a cikin ƙirar yarjejeniya. Yayin da Peercoin ta gabatar da hujjar mallaka, ta sha wahala daga matsalar "babu abin da ake jefa a ciki" (nothing at stake) inda masu tabbatarwa za su iya goyan bayan tarihin sarkar kuɗi da yawa ba tare da kowane farashi ba. Maganin NeuCoin—ta hanyar masu gyara jefa kuɗi a ciki (stake modifiers) mai sauyi da hanyoyin hukunci—ya haifar da ainihin jefa kuɗi a ciki na tattalin arziki a cikin ingancin sarkar. Wannan hanya ta yi hasashen abubuwan da suka biyo baya kamar Ethereum's Casper FFG, yana nuna cewa ƙungiyar NeuCoin ta fahimci ƙalubalen sirri na asali shekaru kafin su zama abin damuwa na yau da kullun.
Ƙarfi & Aibobi
Ƙarfi: Kawar da ɓarnar makamashi yana magance matsalar ESG mai girma ta Bitcoin. Tsarin tsaro na tushen jefa kuɗi a ciki (stake) yana haifar da mafi kyawun daidaita tattalin arziki tsakanin mahalartan hanyar sadarwa. Ƙarfafa ci gaba da jefa kuɗi a ciki (staking) yana haɓaka kwanciyar hankali na hanyar sadarwa.
Aibobi: Lokacin 2015 yana nufin NeuCoin ta rasa juyin juya halin DeFi da kwangilar wayo. Tsarin rarrabawa yana haifar da haɗarin tattarawa a wuri ɗaya tsakanin masu amfani da suka fara. Tsarin tsaro ya kasance yana da ma'ana a ka'ida amma a aikace ba a tabbatar da shi a sikeli ba idan aka kwatanta da hujjar aiki na Bitcoin da aka gwada da yaƙi.
Fahimomi Masu Aiki
Ga masu gine-ginen blockchain na zamani, babbar gudunmawar NeuCoin ita ce nuna cewa tsaron hujjar mallaka yana buƙatar hanyoyi da yawa masu haɗuwa maimakon hanyar guda ta azurfa. Haɗin ƙwaƙwalwar tattalin arziki, dabarun sirri, da hukunci matakin yarjejeniya suna haifar da ingantaccen tsarin tsaro. Ayyuka na yanzu kamar Cardano da Polkadot za su iya koyo daga haɗakar hanyar NeuCoin ga tsaron tushen jefa kuɗi a ciki (stake).
Idan aka kwatanta da binciken hujjar mallaka na zamani kamar yarjejeniyar Ouroboros (Crypto 2017) wanda ke tsara tsaron hujjar mallaka, hanyar NeuCoin mai mayar da hankali kan aiwatarwa a aikace tana ba da fahimta mai mahimmanci na duniyar gaske. Ƙarfafa aikin na ci gaba da jefa kuɗi a ciki (staking) yana hasashen abubuwan ci gaba daga baya a cikin tsarin hujjar mallaka da aka wakilta (delegated proof-of-stake), ko da yake ba shi da tabbacin aiki wanda ke siffanta hanyoyin ilimi na zamani.
Gine-ginen Tsarin Tsaro
Tsarin Mai Gyara Jefa Kuɗi a Ciki (Stake Modifier System): Kowane lissafin jefa kuɗi a ciki yana haɗa mai gyara mai sauyi wanda ke canzawa dangane da hash ɗin toshe na baya, yana haifar da sarkar dogaro na sirri wanda ke hana sake rubuta tarihi.
Hana Saurara Biyu (Double Spend Prevention): Yarjejeniyar tana buƙatar ma'amaloli masu karo da juna su kasance ana jefa su a ciki lokaci ɗaya, yana sa hare-hare su zama masu hana tattalin arziki ba tare da sarrafa mafi yawan jefa kuɗi a ciki (stake) ba.
Tsarin Kima na Tsaro
Misalin Hali: Hana Harin Kashi 51%
Hujjar aiki ta al'ada: Farashin hari = kayan aikin hardware + farashin makamashi
Hujjar mallaka ta NeuCoin: Farashin hari = sayen mafi yawan jefa kuɗi a ciki (stake) + farashin damar da aka rage ƙimar kuɗin
Ƙwaƙwalwar tattalin arziki a cikin hujjar mallaka suna haifar da kariya ta halitta daga hare-haren mafi yawa waɗanda hujjar aiki ta rasa.
Aikace-aikacen Gaba & Hanyoyin Ci Gaba
- Maganganun Blockchain Kore (Green Blockchain Solutions): Tsarin NeuCoin mai ingantaccen makamashi yana sanya shi da kyau don aikace-aikace masu wayar da kan muhalli da saka hannun jari masu mayar da hankali kan ESG
- Tsarin Ƙananan Ma'amala (Microtransaction Ecosystems): Ƙananan farashin ma'amala yana ba da damar ingantaccen tsarin biyan kuɗi da ba za a iya aiwatarwa da hujjar aiki ba
- Haɗin IoT (IoT Integration): Yarjejeniya mai sauƙi wacce ta dace da na'urori masu ƙarancin albarkatu a cikin hanyoyin sadarwar IoT
- Gadoji Tsakanin Sarƙoƙi (Cross-Chain Bridges): Yuwuwar haɗawa da tsarin DeFi na zamani ta hanyar yarjejeniyar gadoji
Nassoshi
- Nakamoto, S. (2008). Bitcoin: Tsarin Kuɗin Lantarki na Abokan Ciniki zuwa Abokan Ciniki
- King, S. (2012). PPCoin: Kuɗin Sirri na Abokan Ciniki zuwa Abokan Ciniki tare da Hujjar Mallaka
- Buterin, V. (2014). Takarda Fari na Ethereum
- Kiayias, A., da sauransu. (2017). Ouroboros: Yarjejeniyar Sarkar Kuɗi ta Hujjar Mallaka mai Tabbacin Tsaro
- Cibiyar Cambridge don Kuɗin Madadin (2020). Fihirisar Amfani da Wutar Lantarki na Cambridge Bitcoin
- Bentov, I., da sauransu. (2016). Hujjar Aiki: Tsawaita Hujjar Aikin Bitcoin ta Hanyar Hujjar Mallaka