HaPPY-Mine: Aikin Lada na Haɗin Ma'adinai Mai Sauƙi don Rarraba Tsarin Blockchain

Teburin Abubuwan Ciki

1. Gabatarwa & Bayyani

Wannan takarda tana binciken takardar bincike "HaPPY-Mine: Tsara Aikin Lada na Haɗin Ma'adinai" na Kiffer da Rajaraman. Takardar ta magance wata babbar aibi a cikin manyan tsarin blockchain na Proof-of-Work (PoW) kamar Bitcoin da Ethereum: halin da tsarin lada na toshe mai tsayayye ke kaiwa ga tattarawar haɗin ma'adinai. Marubutan sun ba da shawarar HaPPY-Mine (HAsh-Pegged Proportional Yield), sabon nau'in ayyukan lada masu sauƙi waɗanda ke haɗa jimillar lada na toshe zuwa jimillar ƙarfin haɗin cibiyar sadarwa. Babban jigon shi ne, ta hanyar sanya lada ya ragu yayin da ƙarfin haɗin gwiwar ma'adinai ya ƙaru, HaPPY-Mine yana haifar da rashin ƙarfafa tattalin arziki don haɗa ƙarfin haɗi mai yawa, don haka yana haɓaka mafi rarraba da tsarin haɗin ma'adinai mai aminci.

2. Bayanan Baya & Bayyana Matsala

Lada na toshe yana aiki da manufa biyu: ƙarfafa ma'adinai don tsare cibiyar sadarwa da kuma ƙirƙirar sabon kuɗi. Tsaron tsarin blockchain na PoW yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da farashin kai hari cibiyar sadarwa, wanda aikin jimillar ƙarfin haɗi na gaskiya ne.

2.1 Tsarin Lada Mai Tsayayye & Tattarawa

Tsarin da ake amfani da su suna amfani da tsarin lada mai tsayayye: lada mai ƙayyadaddun ƙima a kowane toshe (Ethereum) ko lada wanda ya ragu rabi a tsayayyen lokaci (Bitcoin). Binciken wasan ka'idoji ya nuna cewa a ƙarƙashin waɗannan tsarin tare da bambancin farashin ma'adinai, akwai daidaiton Nash na musamman. Duk da haka, wannan daidaito sau da yawa yana nuna babban tattarawa, inda ƴan ma'adinai masu ƙarancin farashi suka kama babban rabo na ƙarfin haɗi. Wannan ba kaɗaici ba ne; ana lura da shi a zahiri a cikin tafkunan haɗin ma'adinai na Bitcoin da Ethereum.

2.2 Bambancin Farashin Ma'adinai

Tushen tattarawa shine rashin daidaituwar farashi. Ma'adinai suna da farashi daban-daban na wutar lantarki, kayan aiki, da sanyaya. A cikin tsarin lada mai tsayayye, ma'adinai masu ƙarancin farashi za su iya yin aiki a ƙananan matakan riba, yana ba su damar yin gasa kuma a ƙarshe su kawar da ma'adinai masu tsada, wanda ke haifar da tattara ƙarfin haɗi.

3. Tsarin HaPPY-Mine

HaPPY-Mine ya gabatar da sauyi daga lada mai tsayayye zuwa lada mai sauƙi.

3.1 Ka'idar Tsari ta Asali

Jimillar lada na toshe $R_{total}$ ba koyaushe ba ne ko aikin mataki. A maimakon haka, aiki ne mai ci gaba, raguwa na jimillar ƙarfin haɗin cibiyar sadarwa $H_{total}$. Yayin da ƙarin ma'adinai suka shiga ko ma'adinai na yanzu suka ƙara ƙarfi, keken guda (jimillar lada) yana raguwa, yana sa faɗaɗa babban girma ya zama mara ban sha'awa. Har yanzu ana rarraba lada daidai da ƙarfin haɗin kowane mutum $h_i$.

3.2 Tsarin Lissafi

Lada ga ma'adinai $i$ ana bayar da shi ta hanyar: $$Reward_i = \frac{h_i}{H_{total}} \cdot R(H_{total})$$ inda $R(H_{total})$ shine aikin lada. Misali mai sauƙi shine aikin saba da juna: $$R(H_{total}) = \frac{C}{H_{total}}$$ inda $C$ shine mai tsayayye. Wannan yana tabbatar da jimillar lada da aka bayar shine $C$, ba tare da la'akari da ƙarfin haɗi ba. Ana iya tsara ƙarin ayyuka masu sauƙi, masu raguwa a hankali.

4. Binciken Wasan Ka'idoji & Sakamako

4.1 Kasancewar Daidaito & Keɓantacce

Takardar ta tabbatar da cewa a ƙarƙashin tsarin farashin ma'adinai daban-daban, daidaiton HaPPY-Mine koyaushe yana wanzuwa. Bugu da ƙari, yana da saiti na musamman na mahalarta haɗin ma'adinai masu aiki da kuma jimillar ƙarfin haɗin cibiyar sadarwa na musamman. Wannan yana ba da hasashe da kwanciyar hankali ga tsarin.

4.2 Ma'auni na Rarraba & Kwatance

Wannan shine babbar gudummawar takardar. Marubutan sun tabbatar da cewa daidaiton ƙarƙashin HaPPY-Mine yana da rarrabuwa sosai fiye da daidaiton ƙarƙashin tsarin lada mai tsayayye mai kwatankwacinsa. Ana auna wannan ta hanyar:

• Adadin Ma'adinai Masu Aiki: HaPPY-Mine yana goyan bayan babban saiti na mahalarta.
• Rarraba Ƙarfin Haɗi: Coefficient na Gini ko Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) ya yi ƙasa, yana nuna mafi daidaiton rarraba ƙarfi.
• Juriyar: Ma'adinai masu tsada sun kasance masu aiki na dogon lokaci, suna hana halayen mai nasara ya karɓi duka.

Binciken ya nuna cewa lada mai sauƙi yana aiki azaman mai daidaita kai tsaye, yana hana girma na rabon kowane mutum ɗaya.

4.3 Tsaro daga Haɗin Kai & Hare-haren Sybil

Takardar ta nuna cewa HaPPY-Mine ya gaji kuma ya haɓaka kaddarorin tsaro na ayyukan lada masu daidaito. Haɗin kai (tattara ƙarfin haɗi) baya ba da fa'ida mara daidaituwa saboda jimillar lada yana raguwa yayin da ƙarfin haɗin ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa ya ƙaru. Hare-haren Sybil (raba ƙarfin haɗin mutum ɗaya zuwa ƙirƙira na ƙarya da yawa) suma ba su da tasiri saboda ana rarraba lada kawai bisa ga aikin da aka tabbatar, ba asali ba.

5. Cikakkun Bayanai na Fasaha & Tsarin Aiki

5.1 Tsarin Lissafi

Binciken ya ginu akan daidaitaccen tsarin wasan ka'idoji don haɗin ma'adinai. Kowane ma'adinai $i$ yana da farashi a kowane raka'a ƙarfin haɗi $c_i$. Ribarsu $\pi_i$ ita ce: $$\pi_i(h_i, H_{-i}) = \frac{h_i}{h_i + H_{-i}} \cdot R(h_i + H_{-i}) - c_i \cdot h_i$$ inda $H_{-i}$ shine jimillar ƙarfin haɗin duk sauran ma'adinai. Ana samun Daidaiton Nash ta hanyar warware saitin sharuɗɗan mafi kyawun amsa inda babu wani ma'adinai da zai iya ƙara riba ta hanyar canza ƙarfin haɗinsu ba tare da izini ba. Yanayin raguwa na $R(\cdot)$ yana da mahimmanci wajen tabbatar da sakamakon rarraba.

5.2 Misalin Tsarin Bincike

Yanayi: Kwatanta cibiyoyin sadarwar haɗin ma'adinai biyu, A (Lada Mai Tsayayye) da B (HaPPY-Mine), kowannensu yana da ma'adinai 3 masu farashi $c_1=1$, $c_2=2$, $c_3=3$ raka'a.

• Cibiyar Sadarwa A (Mai Tsayayye): Jimillar lada $R=100$ mai tsayayye. Lissafin daidaito ya nuna ma'adinai 3 (mafi tsada) na iya kashe farashi. Ƙarfin haɗin daidaito yana tattare da ma'adinai 1 da 2.
• Cibiyar Sadarwa B (HaPPY-Mine): Aikin lada $R(H)=300/H$. Yayin da ma'adinai suka ƙara ƙarfi, lada a kowane raka'a yana faɗuwa. Lissafin daidaito ya haifar da ƙarancin jimillar ƙarfin haɗi $H^*$ amma inda duka ma'adinai uku za su iya shiga cikin riba tare da mafi daidaiton rabo. Tazarar riba ga ma'adinai mai ƙarancin farashi (1) an matse shi idan aka kwatanta da tsarin mai tsayayye, yana rage sha'awarsu don faɗaɗa girma.

Wannan lamari mai sauƙi yana kwatanta matsin lamba na rarraba: Lada mai sauƙi na HaPPY-Mine yana iyakance ribar ma'auni, yana adana wani yanki don ma'adinai masu tsada, ƙanana.

6. Ra'ayin Mai Bincike Mai Zurfi

Fahimta ta Asali: HaPPY-Mine ba kawai gyara ba ne; yana da tushen sake gina ƙarfafa ma'adinai daga "tallafawa ma'auni" zuwa "hukunta tattarawa." Ya gane cewa a cikin PoW, tsaro abu ne na jama'a da ke fuskantar barazanar riba ta sirri, kuma kai tsaye yana injiniyan aikin lada don daidaita waɗannan ƙarfin da sau da yawa suka saba wa. Wannan hanya ce mafi ƙware fiye da tunanin ƙa'idodi bayan haka game da tafkunan haɗin ma'adinai.

Kwararren Hanyar Tunani: Hujja tana da kyau kuma ba ta da gogewa. 1) Lada mai tsayayye + rashin daidaituwar farashi = tattarawa (an tabbatar a cikin aikin da ya gabata). 2) Tattarawa yana da illa ga tsaro da ka'idoji. 3) Don haka, canza dogaron aikin lada daga lokaci (rabuwa) ko komai (mai tsayayye) zuwa yanayin tsarin (ƙarfin haɗi). 4) Tabbatar da wannan sabon aikin da ya dogara da yanayin yana haifar da daidaito na musamman, mafi rarraba. Hanyar tunani tana motsawa daga gano matsala zuwa mafita mai ka'ida tare da ingantaccen tabbaci.

Ƙarfi & Aibobi: Ƙarfinsa shine ƙwararrun lissafinsa da kai hari kai tsaye kan aibin tattalin arzikin asali. Ba ya buƙatar amintaccen kayan aiki ko canje-canjen yarjejeniya masu rikitarwa. Duk da haka, tsarin yana da aibobi. Na farko, rikitarwar aiwatarwa: Auna daidai $H_{total}$ a cikin rarraba, yanayin ainihi ba tare da yin amfani da shi ba ba abu ne mai sauƙi ba. Na biyu, sauyin yanayi da farawa: Faɗuwar farashin tsabar kuɗi tare da raguwar lada da ƙarfin haɗi ya haifar zai iya haifar da "karkatar mutuwa" na ficewar ma'adinai. Tsarin yana ɗauka ma'adinai masu hankali, masu haɓaka riba, amma firgici da ra'ayi na iya mamaye. Na uku, zai iya jinkirin kawai, ba dakatar da tattarawa ba. Idan bambance-bambancen farashi ya yi tsanani sosai, ma'adinai mai ƙarancin farashi na iya ci gaba da rinjaye, kawai a ƙaramin ƙarfin haɗin daidaito. Kamar yadda aka lura a cikin binciken Gidauniyar Ethereum akan ƙimar da ma'adinai za su iya cirewa (MEV), kuɗin ma'amala na iya zarce lada na toshe, yana iya lalata tasirin HaPPY-Mine.

Fahimta Mai Aiki: Ga masu tsara ƙa'idodi: HaPPY-Mine abin tunani ne na wajibi ga kowane sabon sarkar PoW mai himma game da rarraba. Ya kamata a yi kwaikwayonsa sosai tare da bayanan farashi na ainihi. Ga sarkoki na yanzu (BTC, ETH): Hard fork don karɓar wannan yana da kusanci da siyasa, amma ka'idojinsa na iya sanar da tsarin kasuwannin kuɗi na gaba ko ƙarfafa masu tabbatarwa bayan haɗuwa a cikin Proof-of-Stake. Ga masu saka hannun jari: Kimanta sabbin ayyuka ta hanyar tsarin ƙarfafawa. Aikin da ke amfani da tsarin PoW mai tsayayye na banza yana yin watsi da haɗarin tattarawa da aka sani na shekaru goma. HaPPY-Mine yana wakiltar irin tunani na biyu wanda ke raba ƙa'idodi masu ƙarfi da waɗanda ba su da ƙarfi.

7. Ayyuka na Gaba & Hanyoyi

• Ayyukan Lada na Haɗin Kai: Haɗa tushen lada na HaPPY-Mine tare da ɓangaren kuɗin ma'amala wanda zai iya samun yanayi daban-daban.
• Daidaitawar Proof-of-Stake (PoS): Babban ra'ayi—hukunta tattarawa na albarkatun da aka yi amfani da shi—za a iya daidaita shi zuwa tsarin PoS don hana tattarawar tara, abin damuwa a cibiyoyin sadarwa kamar Cardano da Ethereum 2.0.
• Daidaitawar Ma'auni Mai Sauƙi: Aikin lada $R(H)$ da kansa zai iya samun ma'auni da aka daidaita ta hanyar gudanarwa don amsa ga yanayin ingancin kayan aiki ko farashin makamashi na dogon lokaci.
• Bincike Tsakanin Sarkoki: Yin amfani da tsarin HaPPY-Mine don bincika rarraba sabbin, ƙananan sarkokin PoW da Bitcoin.
• Haɗawa da Binciken MEV: Tsara ayyukan lada waɗanda ke la'akari da duka lada na toshe da MEV, wanda shine babban tushen kudin shiga na ma'adinai mai sauyi, kamar yadda ƙungiyoyi kamar Flashbots suka yi nazari.

8. Nassoshi

1. Kiffer, L., & Rajaraman, R. (2021). HaPPY-Mine: Tsara Aikin Lada na Haɗin Ma'adinai. Kuɗin Sirri da Tsaron Bayanai 2021.
2. Nakamoto, S. (2008). Bitcoin: Tsarin Kuɗin Lantarki na Peer-to-Peer.
3. Buterin, V., da sauransu. (2014). Takardar Fari ta Ethereum.
4. Rosenfeld, M. (2011). Binciken Tsarin Lada na Haɗin Ma'adinai na Bitcoin. arXiv preprint arXiv:1112.4980.
5. Eyal, I., & Sirer, E. G. (2014). Rinjaye ba Isasshe ba ne: Haɗin Ma'adinai na Bitcoin Yana da Rauni. Kuɗin Sirri da Tsaron Bayanai.
6. Flashbots. (2021). Binciken MEV. https://docs.flashbots.net/
7. Gidauniyar Ethereum. (2020). Ƙayyadaddun Ethereum 2.0. https://github.com/ethereum/eth2.0-specs